![]() Sub-macular hemorrhages are commonly seen in choroidal neovascular membranes secondary to ARMD. Such hemorrhages are commonly seen in ARMD, presumed ocular histoplasmosis, high myopia, PCV, retinal macroaneurysm, and trauma. The hemorrhages are deep red in color and broader in shape with diffuse margins. These hemorrhages occur between the photoreceptor layer and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Purtscher-like retinopathy is seen in acute pancreatitis, renal failure, and autoimmune disease. Retinal findings are intraretinal whitening, cotton wool spots, and intraretinal hemorrhages. Purtsher retinopathy is an occlusive microvasculopathy associated with cranial or thoracic compressive trauma. Common causes for such hemorrhages include diabetic retinopathy, retinal vein occlusions, ocular ischemic syndrome, sickle cell retinopathy, and juxta foveal telangiectasia. These are dense, dark red, sharply outlined, and are seen in disorders that affect the pre-venular deep capillary layer. These dot and blot hemorrhages are found within the inner nuclear and outer plexiform layers of the retina. Roth spots are characteristic of subacute bacterial endocarditis and also seen in leukemia, anemia, anoxia, and other rare conditions. Capillary rupture with extravasation, and central fibrin–platelet plug gives the white center to the Roth spot. It was Litten who described the association (Litten sign) and referred to it as Roth spots. Roth spots: Roth spots are round in shape with a white center.
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